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Mines: the end of the Chinese dream?



04/03/2011 at 14h: 00 By Christophe Le Bec


Absent exhibition Mining Indaba in South Africa, Chinese firms are reluctant to exploit the deposits themselves and disappoint juniors seeking capital . Or when the idyll "chinafricaine" turns to disenchantment.

absentees they always wrong? At Mining Indaba, the largest exhibition of African mining sector, about 4,500 officers, according to organizers, were given appointments 7 to 10 February in Cape Town. But while China's insatiable appetite for raw materials from the continent is more a secret that the big meeting ("indaba" in Zulu) does not have a single Chinese investor. The few Asians present were Indian and Japanese.

Absent physically, the Chinese are no less in any conversation. "They make a deafening silence here," jokes, an old frequenter of the lounge, a French geologist of the Bureau of Geological and Mining Research (BRGM). "In fact, they are there without being there. They are not at ease in such meetings, they prefer intergovernmental negotiations. That said, they have delegated to them by Africans relate information "Says Aziz Sy, Vice-President Oromin Senegal.

majors operating in Africa, like Australia or Rio Tinto Swiss Xstrata, rub their hands by referring to the "greed" of iron, copper, nickel and zinc in the industrial world's second largest economy. South African specialists Randgold Resources and AngloGold Ashanti marvel at the boom in consumption of precious metals, jewelry for the wealthy or the gold reserves of Chinese banks. Junior evoke patterns, bright eyes, the opportunity to partner with them to achieve the infrastructure they lack.

A shared enthusiasm among Sinophiles: Niall Ferguson, a Harvard professor, presents "Chinafrica" as an idyllic marriage between a country hungry for minerals - and has a well stocked cash - and a continent teeming with untapped deposits, either 30% of the world's known reserves of ore, only 10% of current world production.

time of disillusionment

But now, the "Chinafrica Mine" is attractive on paper, certainly, but in fact the alliance is struggling to take shape. Past two years, Chinese investments in the basement Africa have increased (over 7.4 billion euros in 2010), but it's more of minority holdings in deposits of iron or copper that the translation of a real commitment to implementation. Besides, most Chinese companies are active on the continent of steelmakers - such as Wuhan Iron and Steel Company (WISCO) - eager to secure their supply of iron to make steel at home, or construction companies - as China Railway Group (CRG) - that carry roads or railways.



And in those rare cases where the Chinese themselves operate a pool, they arouse strong reactions. In Zambia, the copper mines operated by China Nonferrous Metal Mining Company (CNMC) undergo repeated strikes because of poor working conditions (50 workers died in an explosion in 2005). So much so that President Hu Jintao has preferred to avoid the site during his visit to the country in 2007. In Gabon in late 2009, NGOs have urged the government to renegotiate the China Machinery & Equipment Company (CMEC) on the iron deposit Belinga, which provided a road map of the heart a national park.

Moreover, China has more popular with mine. The junior exploration, hoping to receive support capital-to uncover new deposits, disillusioned: "I lost too much time with the Chinese," Fever Michael Hopley, President and CEO of Sunridge Gold, now in Eritrea and Madagascar. "Their decision time is too slow, while a small company like mine needs to quickly seize opportunities," lamented the Australian.

"The Chinese do not want to take any chances. Their concern is not to manage a mine, but get guaranteed access to 100% of the ore cheap, "says Hugo Schumann, director of development of Equatorial Resources, which explores the iron deposits Badondo, Congo. This Australian was considering partnering with a Chinese buyer. He now prefers to forge an agreement with a major "more experienced and ready to take more risks."

The Chinese do not always prove very reliable either. "Once an agreement is forged, even should he succeed in making them keep their commitments, which is not easy," said Hugo Schumann, given the difficulties encountered for eight months by rival African Minerals to finalize investment Shandong Iron and Steel Group to Tonkolili, Sierra Leone (1.3 billion euros).

Another disappointment: the establishment of joint ventures in the hope of raising capital on the stock market. "Most mining companies are listed in Toronto, Sydney or London. Now it is much easier to raise capital in joint venture with Rio Tinto or BHP Billiton, well known to investors present there, with a Chinese partner, considered more risky, "says Lance Hooper, vice president of Kilo Goldmines , a company active in DR Congo. On the other hand, even acknowledged the "clear improvement of roads" through the work done by the Chinese as part of the mega-agreement "Mines cons infrastructure" between MAF and Sinohydro Gecamines, dubbed the "Contract of the Century" with 6.7 billion euros of investments announced.

This is not an abandonment

The Chinese will just do they always eat the African ore and build infrastructure without actually manage mine? Deborah Bräutigam, American academic expert on strategies for the Middle Kingdom in Africa "Chinese companies are inexperienced and are aware of. If they made mistakes on the continent in the late 1990s when they began their activities there, their strategy has evolved today. They now prefer to forge agreements with Western companies, rather than risk alone. They are also more cautious in politically unstable countries: witness the suspension of talks between China and Zimbabwe in 2010. But it is far from abandoning the basement Africa by China! "

Indeed, the disenchantment with the Chinese miners is not total. Of medium-sized companies still believe in an alliance with them: "In the iron, the three majors that occupy 70% of the market, Rio Tinto, BHP Billiton and Vale do they never let the control of deposits, because they want to keep as dependent clients. With us, however, they can take a majority stake and break the oligopoly, "said Frank Timis, Chairman of African Minerals. For Masa

Sugano, Economic Secretary of the Embassy of Japan in Pretoria, "the mining groups Anglo-Saxon, which dominate the sector, would do well not to underestimate the learning ability of Chinese. At Like Japan in the 1970s, who built the steel and mining companies performing in ten years [as JOGMEC, Ed], we shall see in the next five years the emergence of powerful Chinese mining in Africa, "says he said. These future giants could build on the assets of African public mining companies in difficulty, such as Gecamines in DR Congo. But it will take a little longer.

__

By Christophe Le Bec, Special Envoy in Cape

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DR. CYCLOPS

Doctor Cyclops (1940) Longi Carlantonio

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Why the IMF is zero and ignores the next crisis

Simone Wapler Friday, March 4, 2011 12:33:59

When everyone thinks the same thing, nobody thinks
The IMF did not see coming the subprime credit crisis. Why great minds in the service of an organization with great resources they have not sounded the alarm in time?

Not later than July 2007, the staff felt that "the global expansion remains [would] strong" and revises upward growth prospects while pointing to the increasing vulnerability of certain markets emerging. The financial market turmoil of early 2007 were seen as "does not justify a fundamental review of global prospects" (March 2007).

Why?

The answer is contained in a 67-page report that autopsy failure. As I read these 67 pages, I'm not going to immediately give you the answer. There is no reason, dear reader, that you reach the Truth without penalty. It's very unhealthy.

aware that this report has been prepared by the Independent Evaluation Office International Monetary Fund, IBE for short. It's a bit what the "horse-carrot" to the national police, the Court of Auditors to the French government. Its title is: Evaluation of the IMF during the period before the financial crisis and economic downturn - IMF Surveillance 2004-07.

All responses are concentrated in Part IV of the report: "How to explain the absence of a clear warning from the IMF."

▪ The IMF is nil as he practices the doctrinaire
In fact, the report does not say exactly as I say. He speaks of analytical weaknesses. "These weaknesses are broadly of two types: doctrinaire thinking and other intellectual assumptions, methods of analysis / incomplete knowledge."

A "doctrinaire thinking dominant ... in IMF staff ... was that the discipline and self-sufficient market to avoid any major problem of financial institutions."

So there, dear reader, the bottom of my lair lined newspaper clippings announcing the upcoming rich countries bankruptcy debts, I am suffocating with indignation. Suppose

. You are an employee of an honorable and dignified GSO (supra-governmental organization) Financial Supervision (nothing to do with the IMF). Studies and internal memos piled on your desk to conclude that there is nothing to watch because everything is better in the best of possible worlds.

You believe in the thick reports. They have hypnotized you and you sometimes had the eyelid heavy reading them. You know nothing of successive bubbles in financial history. Bubbles whose very existence proves that market efficiency is crap (bullshit, in good American). Until then, nothing wrong, he is allowed to be naive, ignorant and employee of a GSO ...

But if you're really honest, you ask your transfer to a place where you could be helpful, really work, right? It wastes you, the money from the International Taxpayers without any remorse?

Unless you have the idea of seeing a bit if you think outside and inside. But that explains our report, it is not possible because of "Confirmation bias, cognitive well-known propensity to consider only information that substantiates an assumption and ignoring data that refutes."

▪ The IMF is void because it is a great machine autistic
"The staff tend not to share information and not to consult with colleagues beyond the unit to which they belong" . Not terrible, that. The IMF is running out of coffee machines.

"The reports were seldom refers to work outside analysts pointing out the growing risks of financial markets." Not great either. But it can be arranged, the IMF can subscribe to MoneyWeek in English and French. We can put a pile at the foot of coffee machines.

The IMF is zero because the outspokenness is punished
"Staff have indicated that incentives lead to align with the prevailing view at the IMF ... The affirmation of dissenting opinions can affect a career (...). The expression of conformity is never penalized, even if proved wrong later. "

Yes, it is better to go wrong with everyone that to be right alone. It's more comfortable to play "the trend is your friend" to want to be contrarian.

▪ The IMF is zero because there are wars of petty leaders
"The struggles of precedence, which is closely related to the issue of partitioning and incentive framework, have been reported as a major obstacle to cooperation and collaboration between services ". According to a seasoned executive, "the IMF functions as a set of small chiefdoms / clans.

▪ The IMF is void because it is a yes-man to boot large countries
"It is impossible to use outspokenness against the authorities" because "governments are the shareholders of enterprise ".

Clearly, the Fund is subject to political pressures. Not the United States, not: services and management of the IMF said they did not receive any direct pressure to change the messages from the missions. "But instead of other advanced countries where" it happened that the authorities adopt approaches insistent lobbying explicit messages to mitigate criticism. "In the words of one staff member assigned to a large country, it was" difficult to make a critical observation, even when it was supported by a analysis in formal meetings (...) end of mission is essentially negotiating sessions on issues formulation.

The IMF seems badly for alerting us to the next crisis, that of sovereign debt and bankruptcy of big states. He still misses the executives who can provide "the intellectual leadership required to perform of high quality work. "

Although disturbing thing ...



[Wapler Simone is an analyst, journalist and engineer. She has contributed to publications such as Le Point Stakes, Les Echos, Chart's ... Specializing in industrial stocks, commodities, energy, gold, mining Wapler Simone has a passion for investments "Tangible" and that's what she brings each week to serve subscribers of The Investor Gold & Materials. She is editor of MoneyWeek magazine, a monthly analysis and the gold sector investment in the letter of your finances.]

http://www.la-chronique-agora.com/articles/20110304-3458.html

The Mogambo Guru

Churidar Pajama Ki Cutting

The crocodile tears of the World Bank ECB

Friday, March 4, 2011 10:38:00

Nothing new under the sun. The terrifying inflation in prices, thanks to the monstrous inflation of the money supply caused by the Federal Reserve and its creation of a Sacred Quantity of Money (SQA) in recent decades, pushed me to venture into the dangerous chasm between being merely bizarre and heinous than being a raving lunatic shouting from the roof, "we're all fucked!"

course, I also t: "buy gold and silver Buy Gold and Silver Buy gold and silver!" until my voice becomes hoarse and my throat hurts - but these words of wisdom and financial salvation lost in the roar of the crowd, shouting "Go ahead, jump!" and I try to scream loud enough to tell them they are wrong entirely and that "I have no intention to throw myself into the empty band morons! But if you do not buy gold and silver-metal against the horrible price inflation unleashed by the Fed, then, quite ironically, YOU can go straight to financial death! Hahaha! Go to hell, every one of you! "

I even threw a few copies of test A Vale of Dollars, by Joel Bowman of The Daily Reckoning, in which he writes:" according to data released by the Bank World food prices jumped by as much as 15% between October and January. The food index of the World Bank is more than 3% of its 2008 record.

This revelation ultimately led to discussions among some members of the crowd who can read, and calls to see me jump started to weaken as people began to talk about the cost of food and fuel.

In my case, I was silent when Mr. Bowman noted that "this latest price hike has pushed the" World Bank President Robert Zoellick to leave, I suppose, mist neo-Keynesian confuses his apparent congenital stupidity out that "world food prices climb to dangerous levels and threaten tens of millions of poor."

First, I must say that Mr. Zoellick is once again shown a complete lack and amazing sense of reality into believing - that is laughable - that "tens of millions" of people will experience rising real estate prices because this figure is actually 10 times higher at least one hundred times, or even (more likely) hundreds of times higher than the ridiculously low estimate, since everyone on this damn planet (PSC ) will, to one degree or another, affected by price inflation of food since there are very few people on the planet Damn aforementioned being absolutely unaffected by a surge in food prices.

So, once again, how stupid! Even if that is what we expect from him, as he gleefully participated in this madness money from the beginning, so as to be a direct cause of the global economic misery!

shame that Mr. Zoellick had not anticipated all this, as did the Austrian theory of business cycles of years ago that by saying something like "the world's monetary mass climb to dangerous levels and threaten Tens of millions of poor ", although even then, it would have been a gross understatement, but on the right track, anyway.

▪ In case you think I have a bad opinion of Mr. Zoellick because I'm inherently hate the letter Daily Bell asked John Perkins, author of the bestselling Confessions of an assassin Financial, his opinion on the World Bank.

To which he replied: "The World Bank is the financial tool of assassins, there's no doubt. This is the tool of large corporations, the IMF and much of U.S. intelligence The CIA and NSA. Basically, the work of these organizations is to help that were that U.S. companies - which we now call the multinationals - to settle in the world so as to exploit the planet's resources - natural and human.

And now that Mr. Zoellick tears of Crocodile on the poor who must pay higher prices after him, a prominent banker, has encouraged and fostered the creation of any excess money to finance the takeover of the "planet's resources - natural and man" who pushed up prices? Hahahaha! No, really, is enough! Hahahahaha!

wiping my eyes, I note that this sort of treachery on the part of banks and bankers is that, I suppose, prompted George Bernard Shaw said: "we must choose between trusting the natural stability of gold and the natural stability of the honesty and the intelligence of members of government. And with all due respect to these gentlemen, I advise you, as the capitalist system lasts, vote for gold. "

And it is also what drives me to say "buy gold, silver, metal and oil stocks when your stupid government allows the demonic Federal Reserve to continue to create staggering quantities money, week after week, month after month, year after year, decade after decade! "

And while Mr. Shaw as I have to agree that buying gold is the thing to do There is unfortunately no evidence Mr Shaw said: "yay! Investing is easy "- although I think it would at least agree on the fact that it's easy! Yippee!

http://www.la-chronique-agora.com/articles/ 20110304-3455.html

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: the grand bargain

To measure the rate of inflation and determine monetary policy, the U.S. Federal Reserve and the ECB does not scan exactly the same statistics. Indeed, while the former prefers to analyze the rate of inflation excluding energy and food - by definition volatile - the European bank takes the figure in its entirety. While the consumer spending also performs on food and energy but also crucial decisions built on underlying fluctuating also maintain a sense of instability and a context quite unhealthy.

Summer 2008 - marked by soaring oil prices - offers a perfect illustration of this difference in approach has been ECB to raise rates while the Federal Reserve continued to share its cycle of decline began a year earlier. In fact, the Fed does not scrutinized as the general index of the inflation (which had risen sharply) data excluding energy materials (which remained unchanged), or inflationary expectations of consumers and businesses (which were them in full deceleration). A rise in U.S. rates in this pivotal time - we remember the debacle a few weeks later in September 2008 - would have repeated the mistakes cataclysmic 1929 and this is only through analysis of indexes excluding food and energy than the United States were able to avoid falling into this trap.

The context is very different today - apart from the financial crisis that seems indeed behind us - as Jean-Claude Trichet prepared markets yesterday to lift a forthcoming (next month) rates in Europe. His "extreme vigilance" - words could not be more explicit employees yesterday during his press conference - vis-à-vis price stability is indeed motivated by substantial price appreciation in the European production was up by 1.5% over one month and ... 6.1% from last year! Seemingly indisputable, this inflationary - even though the resulting energy prices passed on by producers to consumers - but the causes of the Pavlovian reaction unorthodox ECB brandishing the specter of rising rates. And even if the next rise in European interest rates seems little justification for our current situation is far from suffering an inflationary spiral, soaring energy costs being actually not a sufficient factor to stoke such fears. With an average unemployment rate in the EU just under 10%, so it is absolutely impossible that European wages are increased and therefore they exert an adverse effect on price stability ...

In reality, c ' is the situation in Germany - and the demands of the leaders of this country - who are one step up the voltage to the ECB: Having indeed a sharp decline in unemployment to 6.5% of its population (compared to 7.3% per last year), Germany is thus very likely to have very soon adjust (upwards of course) his wages in the relatively near future. In other words, European interest rates will be reassembled next April despite the suffering nations of Europe who suffer peripheral hit hard by a worsening of their funding costs in order to calm the obsessions of the Weimar ' Germany ... The whole process of re-balancing and remediation of affected countries will be mortgaged to avoid Germany in the adverse effects of an increase in wages.

Having launched - the cons German recommendations - in rescue operations consisting redeem the Treasury bonds weakened European countries, the ECB therefore attempts to appease Germany by offering them satisfaction on the frontline of the fight against inflation its internal threats.

Michel Santi - Economist - www.gestionsuisse.com

Expressing Condolences Verbiage Jewish

ROCHEFORT FLAMES

Flames Postcards are a rarity in the Air Force. He therefore seemed interesting to gather those of Air Base 721 Rochefort above with the beautiful flame of 1972.

Above flame of 1980 referring to the BA 721 and the ETAA . The Technical School of the Air Force was created in 1964 in Rochefort by transformation of the School of Mechanics Apprentices of the AA, which itself was created in 1933 already in Rochefort.

Above Flame 1986 on the same information plus the name of baptism of the base. Note that the BA 721 to Rochefort moved Soubise to St Aignan in 1978.

Above flame slightly different from 1993.

Above and below, two fires of 2000 and undated. Registering the ETAA has disappeared.

Above flame of 2002 registration now School of Training of Sub Officers of AA 721. The EFSOAA 721 to in effect replaced the ETAA in 1998.

Finally, an EMA of 2006 on which the words'' ROCHEFORT AIR ''has disappeared. For cons, the recall of the badge of the BA 721 to been preserved over the years on various flames.

Church Street New Years Eve

Sugar: Yes we cane!

02/03/2011 to 12: 12 By Labey Antoine and Jean-Michel Meyer
Refinery
the Senegalese Sugar Company. ©
Doucoure / APA
African countries today may become unprofitable, the next few years, exporters. This is a consequence of Soaring prices: investment flows and plantations are spreading.

In 2030, global demand for sugar is expected to have increased by 50% compared to today, 90 million additional tonnes, according to the trader Czarnikow. Main reason: the rising consumption in emerging and developing countries. In fact, for several months now, tensions are visible on the course: the sugar has reached $ 845 a tonne in early February, its highest level since 1987, the beginning of its listing in London. As a result, many investments flowing into Africa to bridge the gap domestic markets but also to develop export. National Leaders



In Mali, the draft also Markala sugar, funded by the African Development Bank (ADB) amounting to 65 million euros (190 000 t of sugar and 15 million liters of ethanol), two large units of culture and processing of sugar cane are underway in the region of Segou: Sukala, with the support of China, and Sosumar with South Africa's Illovo, Africa's leading sector.

In total, these two complexes mobilize 35 000 ha of land irrigated from the river Niger and can produce up to 250,000 tonnes of sugar per year, while the current deficit of Mali is only 115 000 t. Illovo, a subsidiary of Associated British Foods British conglomerate, does not account elsewhere on Mali to develop its market presence worldwide, with an expected increase in exports from Mozambique, Malawi, Swaziland and Zambia.

in Senegal River Valley and its ability to attract the irrigation of sugar cane planters. The monopoly of the Senegalese Sugar Company (CSS) of "king sugar", the French Jean-Claude Mimran, is being challenged by the arrival of a major competitor, the Nigerian businessman Aliko Dangote, the richest entrepreneur in Africa. Again, this is not simply to satisfy the domestic market but also to seize the opportunities offered by rising global demand. While the annual deficit of Senegal sugar is around 60 000 t, Aliko Dangote has produced over 100,000 tons per year from 40 000 ha he obtained the Senegalese government. In Algeria also



Even Algeria, which does not yet beet or cane sugar - On the contrary, the country ranks among the top ten importers of sugar in the world - interested in the global market. In a country known to have multiplied since 2009, barriers to entry for foreign investors, the French sugar group joined Cristal Union, after eighteen months of negotiation with his counterpart in private Algerian La Belle, an actor of the 'present in food production and trading of pasta, semolina, coffee ...

late January, the two partners have formalized their agreement to build a sugar cane Ouled Moussa, in the region Boumerdes, 50 km east of Algiers, which will employ 250 people and produce 350,000 tons of sugar per year. An investment of 70 million euros. Cristal Union holds 35% stake in the refinery, against 65% for the group LaBelle. Nevertheless: the French group who will drive and manage the investment.

On site, civil works are almost completed. The start of the activity is expected in early 2012, but the project has already a second phase, which plans to increase annual production to 700,000 tonnes of sugar by four years. The association Cristal Union-La Belle will then join the big league's first private Algerian group, Cevital, which has already announced it will increase the production capacity of its sugar refinery in Bejaia of 1.8 to 2 million tonnes in 2011.

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DRC: bishops fear a "new dictatorship"

KINSHASA (DRC), March 3, 2011 (AFP) - The Catholic Bishops
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) said Thursday they fear that further revisions of the Constitution after the presidential election in establishing a single tower , lead "to the establishment of a new dictatorship."

The National Episcopal Conference Congo (Cenco) on Thursday criticized a "message" for election year 2011 the revision of the Constitution effected in January "so hasty and expedient."

This procedure "has led some to question the true intentions of the constitutional revision. We fear that this review does not prelude to others that lead to the return of the single at the end of democracy and the establishment a new dictatorship "after that of Joseph Mobutu (1965-1997), wrote the Congolese bishops.

Issued on January 3, the proposal of the head of state Joseph Kabila, elected in 2006 and is expected to represent, to establish a single round presidential election scheduled for November 27, was passed by both houses of Congress on January 15, and the law enacted a few days later.

The bishops also deplored "the virulence of the government's response" in Congolese Laurent Monsengwo cardinal who had criticized the proposed revisions, as the opposition.

On the ongoing conflict in the east, the bishops are asking "what state of mind (the) citizens traumatized by situations of violence and wars will go to the polls?". They finally feel

"imperative" that the elections are held in "strict compliance with election law, truth and transparency, without fraud or manipulation in healing, to the exclusion of all autocratic and any form of violence wherever it comes. "

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distribution of oil revenues in Ghana

distribution of oil revenues in Ghana
Written by Corinna Justin Leblanc-March 3, 2011 Wednesday, March 2
This stood in the parliament of Ghana in Accra meeting, which aimed to determine the proper method with which would affected oil wealth. Note that this country is filled with many resources such as cocoa, where he is ranked second worldwide behind the ivory, gold where it appears second largest producer in Africa and many others ...
The country joined the club of countries currently exporting crude . This new dating last December because of important sites of deposits discovered off the coast of Ghana made the country a pearl.
MPs wanted this day to decide the method of management that will follow the distribution of resources. The bill passed that emerges from this meeting focuses on information about quotas resources. It is 70% in total wealth generated by oil to be allocated to development projects in the country. The point on which parliamentarians have seriously retarded the question is the percentage returning to the region that serves as a base oil plant facilities. Indeed, the parliament intends to allocate 10% of oil revenues produced. The vote Wednesday was seen to coincide with a routine mission from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in this country. The IMF says a confidence futures in the days, "Ghana is expected this year to grow by about 13%, due to half of oil revenues"
Prospects are happy for this country, in that in addition to gold timber and cocoa, Ghana's population will be living from oil revenues that would probably be the main source of income in the future.

What Can You Use Instead Of A Rizla

Angola: even a decent wage is not enough to live in Luanda Angola

Written by Steven Addamah March 3, 2011
Angola as numbers of African countries experienced long periods of war (almost 10 years of war). Since 2002 (end of war), the country has significant performance which allowed him to climb the second largest oil producer in sub-Saharan Africa behind Nigeria. Angola has virtually no industries except the major oil installations which are installed on most of the country's economy. According to Jorge da Cruz, an employee of an Angolan oil company interviewed by Cecile de Comarmond AFP, every morning he would leave his home located in a suburb browsing and mobs of trash located in the neighborhood where he lived for a company foreign oil. jorge earn $ 850 a month that is to say almost ten times the minimum wage Angola. But despite this high level as almost 86% of the Angolan population, jorge lives in a delicate situation. It spends $ 300 for courses at university and the rest said he returned to my family for food and other expenses. He went further, saying they are ten in number to live in a house with three rooms. Thus the conditions of misery in which living situation, the Angolan government must reduce these imports are doing is multiplied in order to bequeath a legacy of appropriate prices for these populations.
The war situation is without precedent in which the country has plunged him completely economic measures such as using imported today to this strong impact on prices of goods and foodstuffs. It is important to note that the most expensive city in the world for expatriates is Luanda, according to surveys conducted by Mercer last year. Nadine and her husband Lebanese pay 10 000 dollars per month for their rent in one of the upscale suburbs of Luanda and spend 5000 dollars to feed their little family of four. Sizala Cutaia, aged 30, receives a salary of $ 4000 but despite this wage, lives in a house where there is neither electricity nor water. Understand by this that there are places on earth where people can not live with their salary. Let us
that Angola is a rich country, but full of a population poor, who do not receive real wage, a salary appropriate to the standard of living of the population luandaise, but rather a nominal salary.

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: the ruling party called to express support for Dos Santos

LUANDA - The Angolan ruling party will hold a march Saturday in support of the regime of President José Eduardo Dos Santos, two days before a planned demonstration by his opponents, reported Thursday the state press.

The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) wants to organize a "great patriotic march for peace" in Luanda to condemn "the wave of disinformation launched in the capital," reported the daily Jornal de Angola.

provincial party committees able to hold simultaneous rallies in several cities, including Malange (east), Uige (north) and Huila (south), according to the National Radio of Angola (RNA).

These events aim to counter a call to march against the regime, on the night of March 6 to 7, which have been circulating for several days on the Internet, inspired by the riots in Tunisia and Egypt.

The Union for the Total Independence of Angola (Unita), the main opposition party, said of not wishing to attend the event.

"We encourage and support all efforts of the democratic struggle that remain under the Constitution, but we will not be present at this event because we do not know the organizers, "he told AFP a member of UNITA, Alcides Sakala.

" We believe that this appeal has been launched by the scheme, only in order to see who will support this initiative, "said Unita leader Isaias Samakuva at a press conference in Lisbon.

He was also keen to" avoid any spilling blood ", arguing that the Angolan authorities had already shown" more violent punish "their opponents that the former regimes in Tunisia and Egypt.

At the 35th anniversary of the national police, earlier this week, the Interior Minister Sebastião Martins also recalled that the police would be severe in case of overflow.

"We will not tolerate any attempt to harm the public order and security of any means so on the national territory," he told state media.

(© AFP / March 3, 2011 6:31 p.m.)

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SPIDOLEINE

In 1931, Geo Ham presented an anthropomorphic mechanical Spidolèine for oils. This "character" is composed of a majority of straight lines and a diagonal, supplemented by the bogus brand. The consumer's eye is then drawn to the product announced by a succession of patterns. In the center is located the "dual" auto-airplane dear to the artist, which will resume this double motive as an autonomous subject.

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The Independence in Africa: a travesty

Some say the solution to the multiple problems Africa and Africans today is not to dwell on the colonial past. Others argue that the plight of Africans, including their poverty, just themselves, their laziness, their spirit sensual, etc.. or their leaders-that they also deserve (!) - and in any case of abuse and ancient land. We propose a reading of these self-righteous and blind the following excerpt of a text written by a European officer in Paris, of foreign origin, it also attracted by the humanistic statements before being disgusted then appalled by the practices of the French republic. Calm Factual, stripper, the connection has never been contradicted by anyone in originaux.

When I took over the investigation of the Elf affair, I had facing me the powerful oil French, I did not like their arrogance, the way they had to serve in the boxes, but when they invoked the best interests of the country was ready to believe them. I left several years on secondment to the Ministry of Finance, surrounded by officials of integrity, of an absolute power.

I trust in the institutions of my country of adoption. I never imagined that the purpose of leaders of national oil companies was something that the common good. I was tracking the drift and not the system itself. Yet during my investigation, I discovered an underground world. Magistrate, limited by the scope of my referral and national responsibility, I had to stop on the threshold of some doors, which led to foreign countries. I discovered that the roads would have been exciting to go back, m'ahurissaient connections. With numbers, accounts, we had our eyes on deciphering an extensive network of institutionalized corruption, whose son was connected directly to the Elysee.

It was not my role to draw political conclusions, but I kept the footprint. We then designed a comprehensive plan, I always with me. It is eight feet when unfolded. It winds from the office of a Director of Elf Petroleum, up accounts obscure powered by Gabon, Omar Bongo of the hands: four decades of power and a recurring difficulty in distinguishing his piggy bank and its family of First, the state budget and the government on the other. I carry this pattern often with me, over the appointment. I spread out on tables, much like a captain in battle leaves its old maps. The positions may have changed, camouflage techniques were sophisticated, but the system is there: the tyrants are friends, that France has placed in power and it protects the wealth and influence by vast networks of corruption in exchange they watch over the interests and resources of French companies came digging. All this beautiful world has an interest in anything, ever, neither the institutions nor stimulates the economy of the country.

And if I pause a moment in Gabon, what do I see? A rich country that exports more than thirteen billion dollars of crude oil per year, with GDP per capita well above the African average ($ 6,397)? Or a poor country where life expectancy is estimated at 55 years for women and 53 men, leaving them less than a year the Malagasy-born in a land without oil? The infant mortality rate is particularly high in Gabon, the vaccination rate against measles is 40% against an average of 79% in developing countries. That is where is Gabon, a preserve of France, provider of the treasures of oil and uranium, the stronghold of Total-Elf first French market capitalization.

While residents of Libreville have not benefited from the wealth of their country is because France has monopolized its mineral resources, with the complicity of a president, his military service as enlisted by the French army and its intelligence services, placed at the head of the country 32 years in Paris. He was the youngest head of state of the world. France controls its army, its elections and protect his fortune. In return, Omar Bongo is open table several times a year, Avenue Foch or to the Hotel Crillon, where he receives politicians, publicists and journalists who have French. Everyone hurries to these hearings.

In the 1990s, a French politician in the foreground, while in office, enjoyed a parallel contract "consultant" signed by Omar Bongo and largely unpaid. Roland Dumas, President of Gabon said it was "close friend". In anticipation, he also appreciates Nicolas Sarkozy, came to "take advice" as a candidate in the presidential election. When

during the investigation, we searched the headquarters of FIBA, the Franco-Gabonese bank, we consulted the list of customers who seemed to light pen sergeant major. It was a sort of Who's Who in France in Africa, which spoke volumes about the reverse of the Republic and the media. To those who still believe in the selfless assistance of France in Africa, just check the figures of UNDP (United Nations Program for Development). The correlation between the regular amount of French aid and the wealth of raw materials. Clearly, he who has nothing in his basement should not expect much from Paris ...

It is not surprising to find the Gabon as one of the top recipients of French aid to development. The result is distressing in terms of health system and education. Money was lost en route. It is precisely for that fact. It is not a deviation but a consistent and reasoned.

In each hearing during our investigation, we hear of physical, espionage permanent and thugs. Searches in Elf Tower Defense delivered a wealth of documents revealing the gender confusion, we passed off the floor of Nanterre who was careful to open investigations. For yesterday Elf, Total today is a state within a state, designed by Pierre Guillaumat a former defense minister, chief of intelligence and head of the French nuclear program to to serve the geopolitical interests of Paris.

Norway has used its oil to build and ensure payment of future pensions.

France uses Elf-Total assert his power. The company operates in the Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria, Congo - Brazzaville, Angola ... All these countries have experienced civil war and dictatorship behind which the French hand was felt.

chaos, when it occurs, does not disturb the system. Just consider Angola, at war for decades, but no drop of oil, never has missed its destination.

During the war the business ... The French banks, BNP-Paribas in mind, even the opportunity to develop financing packages for countries at war, with staggering rates, knowing they not take any chances.

Money, too, was not lost on everyone. It is a mirror in which we must not look too often the French elite. Since I opened the Elf case, in my office in the financial gallery, physically and intellectually I have traveled far from the Seine and its quays gray and blue ... I learned while walking. On arrival the picture is frightening.

Africa has remade me a Norwegian woman, proud of it. My country is rich, but he remembers being poor, a nation of immigrants looking to the new American world. His spirit of conquest, his demeanor Vikings are traces of a distant past, then came the Danish and Swedish guardianship, which he had to release. He sent to Africa for Protestant missionaries, austere face etched, carved by the word Christian and humanitarian work, rather than the new settlers, as they still believe in the neighborhoods of white expatriates. During

that France based Elf, Norway put up the exploitation of resources in the North Sea, accumulating a reserve fund, immediately placed for future generations and carefully controlled. This small country aside has become the leading donor nation in dollars per capita. Of course, the Norwegian oil are not choirboys. Recent surveys have shown that some of them were paid commissions and the temptation to abuse their power is permanent. But Norway was not ashamed of what it has done its oil. What I saw, international reports attest, is a work hope.

The French Republic, at the same time, put in place in Africa a system far from its values and the image she likes to refer to the world. How strong institutions and democratic, enlightened and brilliant minds, they could build networks systematically violating the law, justice and democracy? Why are famous journalists of all stripes, they tolerated what they saw? Why political parties and NGOs, also quick to ignite, they did not want to see?

Independence in Africa: a travesty.

I do not condemn. I shared this blindness. I like them, before slipping the eye in the keyhole and take the measure of this family secret: France remains an empire and is not recovering its lost power. Political independence was largely a charade in West Africa. The West closed its eyes, because France is prevalent being the "policeman" who defended half of the continent against communism.

The French have left to do, for shrewdly, De Gaulle and his successors have brought their action as a bulwark against American hydra. Elf was one of the cornerstones of this part geopolitics. The double game has been facilitated by the certainty, rooted in the mentality that "there is different".

There is normal corruption, nepotism, war, violence. There is the normal presence of the French army, the pro-consuls at the embassy or at the headquarters, military camps. There, that's normal instruction of presidential guards. There is normal uptake of natural resources. Besides, "everybody does the same. Young or old, left or right, no one thinks of French offended to see our troops carry out almost every year, an operation Military in Africa, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Rwanda, when all make fun of that came to America to police Iraq, make a paint Democratic geopolitical interests and petroleum Washington.

There Yet many symmetries. I recently saw a documentary about the Biafran war, four or five half-hours of raw testimony of key players, without comment. I was speechless. To those born after 1970, Biafra said nothing. In this part of Nigeria's oil-rich, ethnically, Christian and animist armed by France, demanded independence. A war ensued killing of three years, funded revolt from the Elysee through Swiss companies. French television show loved children so hungry that the French military plane brought back for treatment, she never showed the cargo of round, full of weapons ... Like now, former employees of Jacques Foccart, sated in their Louis XV chairs, unemotional detail these arrangements illegal. The officers, lieutenants then-general today, tell this trick with a smile. End of the documentary. Not a word, not a line in the history books. Tragedies like this, Africa contains dozens carefully ignored. The massacres of the Bamileke in Cameroon by France of General de Gaulle, the Tutsi genocide committed by a regime backed by François Mitterrand, assassinations of opponents, manipulation of election ...

liabilities of France in Africa is comparable to U.S. imperialism in Latin America or the Middle East.

It is fashionable among French intellectuals to complain about the movement of repentance that has spread in recent years. The benefits of colonization, to include in textbooks, has even been of a bill, widely supported by members. Of course, the history of France in Africa and Southeast Asia also counted adventurers sincere, exporters, teachers or pioneers, who have stood together with the countries they have discovered. In Madagascar the vazas these Blackfoot Malagasy, continue to rent to me the condition of French roads and infrastructure at the time of independence. But people are like family. We can not do the sort of memory. It is carefully hidden secrets which the wave will reach far beyond one or two generations. Children inherit everything from the misery as happiness, wealth as debt.

The French Republic is now paying the bill for his past. Just down the list of official names of North Africans born in a French department until 1962 or hex on the ground since the 1970s. By law, they were and are like other French. Successive governments have yet ceased to invent paraphrases:

"indigenous Muslim", "African subject not naturalized," "Jfom (Young French of Maghreb origin)," a young immigrant background "," son of Harkis "," young neighborhoods, " "Arab-Muslim", "French of Arab origin," French Muslim "...

's France 1789 is incompatible with French Africa. France is still living in Africa as if she were at home, and as if his children of African descent were not French.

The development of French Africa, our tolerance vis-à-vis the networks, all back to the secret colonial empire in this spirit that haunts like a ghost. Yes, Total, the first French company, is rich and prosperous. But the way the firm has built part of the inheritance. Who will dare to make one day Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo - Brazzaville what France owes them? Who will challenge the contracts concluded by Areva for uranium from Niger or those gold mines of Sadiola in Mali, two countries among the poorest in the world, which only involves a ridiculous wealth taken from their soil?

The Republic has a debt he'll have to honor. Our prosperity is fueled by wealth that we turn. In some of these undocumented migrants who risk their lives to reach Europe, it could be paid a pension instead of an eviction notice. I dream for this country I love, a collective awakening. A France worthy of his ideal and its legacy of 1789 is inconsistent with Françafrique that this generation has, another can undo. Possible.

From "The strength that we lack," Eva Joly. Editions des Arenes (Paris) 190 pages Source: BDP - Gabon new

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Economic Development in Africa

Posted on 10/10/2010


In its 2010 report on Africa, UNCTAD believes that the development of trade and financial relations between Africa and other developing countries should enable the continent to diversify production, acquiring technology and developing markets Regional.

Africa should adopt measures to ensure that its economic relations, more and more numerous, with major developing countries, including China, India and Brazil lead to a diversification of the economy and not on the mere sale of commodities and raw materials, according to the traditional pattern of relations with the continent's industrialized north. This is evident from the 2010 report of the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), entitled "Economic Development in Africa: The South-South Cooperation: Africa and new forms of partnership Development ", which shows that the increasing number of new economic partners of the" South "can facilitate this transformation in Africa not only an intensification of trade and financial flows, but also by financing regional infrastructure projects and the transfer knowledge and technology.

For now, trade and investment with the South adhere to traditional pattern: African countries export agricultural products, minerals, ores and crude oil, and importing manufactured goods. However, UNCTAD notes a significant increase in the number and nature of cooperation agreements South Africa since 2000. The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) is the best known and most complex, but other new institutions linking Africa to India, Brazil, the Republic of Korea and Turkey, among other partners. There are also new intercontinental strategic partnerships.

Patterns of cooperation with South Africa (click):




trade, investment and financial flows public are the main vectors of these new partnerships, in which the business occupies the first place.

- The total merchandise trade of Africa with developing countries outside Africa increased from 34 billion U.S. dollars in 1995 to 97 billion in 2004, then jumped to 283 billion in 2008.

- The number of investment projects (FDI) of creation funded by investors from developing countries outside Africa has risen from 52 in 2004 to 184 in 2008. (A greenfield investment is an investment in an operation entirely new manufacturing, construction offices, or other transaction involving a corporation.)

- The available data do not appreciate fully and reliable scale of public fund injections from developing countries, but it is estimated that public support of these countries to the region amounted to 2.8 billion U.S. in 2006 and has significantly increased since then because China, which is estimated to provide over 83% of the total pledged to double aid to Africa by 2009.

The non-African developing countries in 2008 accounted for 38% of trade in African countries, virtually tied with the European Union, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. In 2000, the EU représentait 45% du commerce du continent noir et les pays en développement seulement 30%. Si les États-Unis étaient en 2008 le principal partenaire commercial du continent noir, avec 15% du total, la Chine était en deuxième position (10,6%), devant la France (8,3%). L’Inde s’est hissée au 8e rang (3,5%), après l’Italie, l’Allemagne, l’Espagne et la Grande-Bretagne. Elle est suivie des Pays-Bas et du Japon, devant le Brésil (11e rang, 2,6%) et l’Arabie saoudite (2,4%).

Part de certains partenaires dans le commerce total de l´Afrique, 1980-2008



Avec la croissance économique continue major developing countries, and weakening growth prospects in advanced economies, we can expect to see economic relations between Africa and other developing regions gain in relative importance.

In terms of scale, China is becoming the main source of bilateral assistance to Africa for infrastructure and productive sectors. According to available information, the Chinese commitments for financing infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa have soared from 470 million in 2001 to 4.5 billion in 2007. An estimated 54% for 2002-2007 using the Chinese spent on infrastructure and public works.

However new trends should not be regarded as confined to China and Africa. Economic relations growing between these two partners are part of a larger trend to intensification of relations with South Africa, especially with emerging countries have a powerful and dynamic economy.

If the total merchandise trade with China increased from $ 25 billion in 2004 to 93 billion in 2008, total trade with India spent in the same period of $ 9 billion to 31 billion, and trade with Brazil from 8 to 23 billion.

The UNCTAD report also points out that cooperation with the South should result in the benefits obtained are more evenly distributed among countries. In 2008, the top five African exporters to developing countries supplied 68% of total exports of the region, and the first five African countries accounted for 57% of the region's imports from other developing countries.



Quick Link: http://www.contrepoints.org/?p=3344

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Libya: South Africa opposes foreign intervention

Paris, France - The South African president, Jacob Zuma, has declared Wednesday in Paris, against any foreign military intervention in Libya, calling instead the international community to help the country resolve the current crisis by peaceful means. President Zuma, who was speaking after talks with his French counterpart, Nicolas Sarkozy has condemned the violence that resulted in the deaths of hundreds of innocent people.

'can only peaceful means to help resolve the crisis and to avoid loss of innocent lives. I am sure that the African Union will meet soon to assess the situation on the ground ', said the South African president, on a state visit to France.

He also indicated that South Africans have been repatriated from Libya.

'They all described a difficult humanitarian situation. We continue to believe that we must act positively to help resolve this crisis quickly. The foreign military intervention is not the best help we can make to solving the crisis ", he further said.

The French Foreign Minister Alain Juppe, has also warned the community international military intervention against Libya, saying it would be counterproductive.

03/03/2011 Pana

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DR Congo: democratic and transparent elections

With the support of EISA - Consultation of civil society to democratic and transparent elections - In its role as a watchdog, civil society in Kinshasa is the concern that the elections be conducted freely, democracy and transparency. NGO Civil Society Kinshasa think, since last Tuesday 1 March to Kinshasa, in order to formulate concrete proposals in line to make reforms on the electoral law starts Parliament. This, in order to help organize the elections free, democratic and transparent in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The workshop, which runs until March 3, 2011, is under the theme "Contribution of Civil Society in Kinshasa in the process of electoral reforms." It is organized by the Office of the Monitoring Committee of Civil Society of the DRC with the support of the Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA). This, together with the network of human rights NGOs and civic education of Christian denominations (RODHECIC). Frame chosen: the conference room Studies Centre for Social Action (CEPAS), located in the commune of Gombe.

ADVOCACY

In his opening remarks, Makolo Bertin, Vice-Chairman of the National Symposium of Civil Society, was first described the goal of this meeting is to prepare a document (advocacy) concerted manner, to reform the electoral process in DRC. He then expressed the wish to see the workshop lead to expected results in order to enjoy credibility with politicians. For its part, the focal point of the framework for consultation of civil society for reform the electoral process, Jean-Baptiste Ndundu, said that during these meetings, participants will have the task of proposing policies the vision of the Congolese people there are genuinely free elections, democratic and transparent. Which vision will be a plea of non-state actors to politicians.

For its part, the Director of EISA program in the DRC, Hector Lubamba, stressed the importance of these dialogues that constitute an exercise of citizens in participatory democracy. Which year, he said, contributes to the advancement of the democratic process in the DRC.

Note This first day was added several interventions in connection with the theme namely "The Electoral Process 2010-2013: state of play", "Possible Solutions for electoral reforms to consolidate the democratic process", "Electoral systems"; "Elements of advocacy of gender in the electoral law." Welcome

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The Potentiel/02/03/2011

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All roads lead to freedom in Africa

Posted on 12/02/2011

In Africa, democracy is in dire need of depth beyond periodic multiparty elections. The post-election crisis in Ivory Coast banner, again, that universal suffrage is a superficial form of democracy. Indeed, elections expected in 6 years, presented as the sesame of peace have led to confusion in a situation unprecedented in the world featuring two presidents of the republic that clash. Everyone has to its credit irregularities. Everyone has reason to believe he was the winner of the polls. None had the measure of liability in a situation that is primarily harmful to people. The pride freeze the dialogue tomorrow when the growing number of dead could cause a flash of humility on the part of those leaders who forget they are the servants of the people they oppress.
Clearly, the Ivory Coast is totally suffocated by too powerful a state that reinforces alongside unashamedly religious forces to tap into their support legitimacy even as the country's constitution proclaims the principle of secularism. Corruption stifles the country, discouraging investment. It traps the poor in a dependency leaders failed, unable to create the institutional framework that would allow them to grow their tremendous creativity and land asleep, barren, abandoned without land titles.

Ivorians face of this decay had placed their confidence in the UN, these "guardians" of democracy, to supervise and certify the election. This international agency has yet warped by overstepping its mandate and by anchoring the confusion. The road to democracy has also closed. And what about when the international community is heading for a camp, ignoring the fact that in this case electoral responsibilities are shared between the two competing camps. Prisoner

their own state, handled by the UN, patronized by the international community, which way is there to share the Ivorians to take their destiny in a fight for freedom?

Politicians like to invoke the complexity of the world to explain it would be crazy to want to turn now, however the story accelerates. Across the continent inflamed, screaming his thirst for freedom. If the shock is so brutal, it's probably due to a painful history. Total deprivation of liberty in times of slavery and then under colonization, Africa is now the total decline in the ranking of economic freedom compared to the rest of the world. The example of the rich countries and the developing countries can not polemic people gripped in poverty and deprived of the freedoms that allow them to create their own wealth, condemned to wait for the progress of failed states and corrupt benumbed fear facing the demon of individual liberties. Indeed, an independent private sector of the state creates concurrent powers and thus a counterweight that worries leaders. Individual freedoms are likely to weaken their full power, yet they are not careful is the lack of freedom that will build the foundation of their downfall.

analyze the tremendous changes. Let us open our eyes to the continent. It shows an Arab world currently gripped wrest its freedom in dictatorships protected by international powers that profit from it. Contrary to popular belief, companies in the South, particularly Muslim, are compatible with modernity, and many of them are ripe for democracy. There are structural reasons for this: the rise of literacy, educational advancement, circulation of more intense information via diasporas, satellite television and the Internet.

Why cloud the issue? The future tends inexorably toward freedom. Many research works show that indeed most African countries are rich along the freest. The two most advanced liberal democracies in Africa, South Africa and Botswana, have per capita income much higher than the African average. In 2008, for example, the average gross national income per capita in South Africa and Botswana was $ 5,820 and $ 6,470 respectively. The average African was of $ 1,082 (1).

Furthermore, a study conducted by Professor Mamadou Koulibaly, president of the National Assembly of Cote d'Ivoire on one hand the index of economic freedom and, secondly, the importance of conflict in Africa, shows a clear correlation between lack of freedom and the importance of conflict. Peace and justice can not therefore be achieved without a context of freedom for people without private property and without free trade. Peace and economics are mutually supporting. But initially it is the economic freedoms which, by the recognition of rights property and free trade create the conditions for a peaceful and just social interaction. This society, in turn, stimulates political freedoms and stabilize into the base of the sustainability of peace. Economic freedoms and political construct the peace of nations (2). All the world's mature democracies are based on a market economy.

Africa is condemned to freedom? On the continent, obviously, all roads, even the most chaotic, leading to this release. This suggests interesting tomorrow for this young continent has to face him a Western ages, sleeping on its laurels, exhausted by a welfare state that gradually destroys social cohesion and inhibits its responsiveness to change.

Notes:

(1) The state of liberal democracy in Africa: resurgence or decline? Tony Leon
(2) Economics and Peace Conference held December 11, 2009 for the start ceremony of the Academy of Sciences Arts and Cultures of Africa and the African Diaspora (Ascade)

http://www.contrepoints.org/2011/02/12/13761-tous-les-chemins-menent-a-la-liberte-en africa-

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The internationalization of business

Published 03/03/2011

the

Matthieu Crozet and Lionel Fontagne, " Internationalization of companies: a microeconomic analysis of globalization " Economics and Statistics, 435-436, INSEE, March 2011.

research in international economics was long limited to macroeconomic and sectoral studies. When she has used trade data at very fine product, these data still aggregating different firms export or import at national level. By deviating from the international trade models with typical firm, the theoretical developments made since the early 2000s opened the way for a more micro-economic analysis of international trade. On this basis, the use of individual data on trade and international investment is meaningless. These micro-economic analysis of international trade provide a new perspective on globalization, not least by showing that even in a country as open to trade than France, export is not at all easy and commonplace, so that trade in large countries is that, essentially, a few large companies that have overcome challenges of internationalization.

Increased international trade in goods, and to a lesser degree of services, is undoubtedly one of the major upheavals that have marked the global economy in recent decades. The ratio of international trade in goods and services to global GDP, as recorded by the balance of payments, now significantly exceeds the 30%, whereas it was below 13% in the early 1970s. Is it still a restrictive view of the phenomenon, especially since the production and sale establish subsidiaries abroad is not recognized in balance of payments.

Thus, globalization is a macroeconomic phenomenon so visible everywhere you might think, and binding on all. However, the micro-economic data return a more nuanced picture of reality. The analysis of microeconomic data of international trade highlighted some statistical regularities original: in all countries, developed or emerging economies, the proportion of firms directly involved in an international relationship is very strong minority. It rarely exceeds 20%. In addition, most exporters have a very limited presence on world markets, being active on a few markets, adjacent to their country of origin (over 40% of French exporters, for example, serve only a single destination).

Although globalization is a major macroeconomic phenomenon, even though economists and policymakers have become used to address issues of competitiveness in terms of a competition between nations, not countries trade with each other, but businesses. Based on new theoretical tools, and original individual data, recent developments of research in international economics restore the balance, leaving more room for micro-economic analysis of globalization.

work opens new avenues for the conduct of economic policy. Specifying the consequences of trade openness for each company, identifying the specific difficulties that hinder the internationalization of firms or by observing the nature of their strategic choices, such work can better reflect the implications of trade policies and their limits. Thus France, like many other countries, offers answers that are much more micro than macroeconomics. Evidenced by the succession of measures to support businesses (especially SMEs) abroad, and policies of clusters that show the desire to give companies the means to cope with foreign competition and access global markets. However, and although some work has already begun, a systematic quantitative assessment of these policies remains to be done.

soon as we take into consideration the fact that all businesses have different cards to take advantage of trade opening and response to, the consequences of globalization have nothing trivial. On the one hand, the lowering of trade barriers, whatever their nature, must allow development of national exports, either by increasing the number of exporting firms or by higher sales of each exporter in place . On the other hand, opening markets to international competition requires each to respond.

Few companies are able to respond positively the new opportunities offered by the opening of global markets. Beyond the formal trade protection, it seems that companies are facing a set of concrete barriers that prohibit their access to exporter status. There is, obviously, a major task for economic policy. We note in passing that this is not simply seek to maximize, in a mercantilist approach, the number of exporters and the overall amount of exports, but to identify the constraints limiting the expansion capabilities of firms so to give them the tools necessary to develop and take advantage of opportunities offered by globalization. These constraints may weigh on demand (this is the case for example in the presence of restrictive regulations on export markets), but also the offer, especially when it comes to fund access exporter status.

http://www.contrepoints.org/?p=15646

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irreversible Poverty in the Congo?

Posted on 03/02/2011

Despite its immense natural resources, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is one of the poorest countries in the world. People live in inhuman conditions. Social indicators show levels so low that it is virtually impossible for the country to achieve one of the Millennium Development Goals. Poverty has taken up residence in this country. Is it inevitable irreversible?

In the DRC, 71.34% of the population has an income below the poverty line. One of the areas of highest poverty in the world! It is the same depth - the income gap is the poor relative to the poverty line (32.23%). Contrary to what many might think, Democratic Republic of Congo has not always been so poor. At independence, the hypothesis of the country's development was indisputable for many it was so obvious: between 1920 and 1956, the economy of the DRC, then the Belgian Congo, had believed in annual exponential rates, with a growth rate average of nearly 7%. The growth rate of GDP per capita was even able to reach up to 18%. Its infrastructure was advanced compared to other African nations. He was particularly compared to South Africa. Its natural advantages were enormous. But for five decades, the trend reversed. For

whether poverty may one day back in the Democratic Republic of Congo must first determine its origin. In a recent paper [*], the author brings his contribution, based on the current state of knowledge in economics, may be useful in this debate.

The recent economic studies on the role of institutions in economic development can easily explain why the reversal of the economic situation in the DRC. In this regard, the historical course of the Democratic Republic of Congo would a root cause of poverty Congo through its institutional legacy.

In effect, institutions determine the economic performance of a nation. Countries with good institutions (rule of law, protection of property rights, guaranteed contracts etc..) Are those who occupy the front of the pack in terms of living standards and per capita have lower poverty incidences.

The Congolese reality, as pointed out by some wise, is extant condition of permanent instability in the post-independence and the opposite of good institutions and good governance: practices of corruption, illicit enrichment and squandering of public resources, predatory attitudes on the part of internal and external stakeholders (including the capability to undertake wars of predation), breach of property rights ... Thus, for Ola Olsson example and Heather Congdon speak of the Democratic Republic of Congo as the country has won the "Award of predation. In inflation, Baudouin Hamuli Kabarthuza in his book "Giving a chance for the Congolese people", wrote: "poverty or extreme poverty in the DRC can only be explained by the poor performance its institutions, its business. [...] Our policies also with their mismanagement plunged the country into the abyss [...] ".

According to the Mo Ibrahim Index , the Democratic Republic of Congo was ranked 51st in 2010 to rank from 53 African countries rated for their governance. This poor governance can be observed as such by the high corruption that characterizes this country: 164th most corrupt countries in the world of 178 countries ranked by Transparency International 2010 . Poor formal rules, generated by institutional failures do not create any incentives for entrepreneurship, investment, innovation, value creation, productivity ... And when all these elements are not met, negative growth is taking place. Because there will be less trade, less division of labor, and less productivity at the societal level. Without productivity increases, there will be no real solid economic growth. In different terms, the Democratic Republic of Congo would benefit if it was advancing its governance, established a real rule of law and improved the business climate, including for small entrepreneurs.

It therefore concludes that poverty makes sense in these circumstances, but not irreversible. Improve institutions reduce poverty rampant in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The process is not simple, there is no universal recipe, but it is time to start it now with scope at risk of ending up in 50 years in the current situation, after 50 years of independence - and 50 wasted years.

Article originally appeared on UnMondeLibre.org .

Note:

[*] Oasis Kodila Tedika (2010), "Poverty in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a brief review of places," Congo Economic Review, Working Paper No. 01/10.

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Restitution of stolen assets in Africa: What justice? For effectiveness?

Following the revelations about the stolen assets of Hosni Mubarak (70 billion) and Ben Ali ($ 5 billion), government authorities and judicial Western In particular, will have to react when the issue of restitution they asked. It is a policy of remediation, which so far remains very below expectations in the light of the outcome in the past to the affairs of the same ilk. It would be wrong not to recognize that the grammar reform the international financial system continues to grow to cope with the scale of money laundering, tax evasion and concealment of stolen government money. But whatever the direction of thinking about this, it follows that there is still much to be done to transform this system that ritual use of restorative justice, moreover, unfair and inefficient for this specific component .

Denial of restorative justice

exchanges of tax information, legal and banking are generally between rich and developed countries. Their lack of cooperation "extended" in the subject, with African countries is a violation of Article 51 of the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC-2005). This includes the largest number of States Parties (147) and clearly states the principle of restorative justice. This principle is expressed in Chapter V, "the return of assets, resulting in a focus on the injury while trying to repair or restore the imbalance between different parties. Art. 51 Al 1, stipulates: "the return of assets pursuant to this chapter is a fundamental principle of this Convention and States Parties shall provide cooperation and assistance the most extensive in this regard. "This will be reaffirmed in the Initiative for the Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR). Unfortunately we can not rely on a global financial system still very opaque, imbued with unfair rules that strangle African countries, to do justice as fairness to African people.

framework of international financial liberalization still Lizard workings of money and a predominance of bilateral agreements on multilateral agreements is not conducive to that restorative justice. African states are still unstable, vulnerable and destitute of specialized expertise and are therefore not up to nuisance lawsuits sometimes cleverly orchestrated to thwart or discourage governments that initiate this process of restitution (DRC case against Switzerland, for example ). But the abandonment of the procedure for refund may also be linked to a politicization of the issue in the country where local authorities prefer the Peace cons of internal justice.

Denial of justice is here a double punishment: it is more involved in the degradation of living conditions of victims. These have already suffered the impact of stolen assets on their socio-economic and even political. Here are some irremediable consequences as millions of deaths, injuries socio-political, environmental degradation. What a feeling of injustice that international assets stolen "poor" human rights violations, are driving the market and in financial support from rich countries?

Inefficient justice

To the extent that efficiency is related to the result, its inefficiency is revealed here, in view of the victims have finally returned. They are insignificant and less reinserted into the programs of socioeconomic development. This practice

remediation reflects some complacency of international financial and economic organizations, a lax enforcement of existing regulations by some rich countries taking advantage of this "economy of money laundering, tax evasion and diversion of public funds" . What concrete results expected come from the mutual legal cooperation between StAR and the 23 affected countries that have requested its support since 2006? What results for pledges of good will displayed in London G20 (2009)? It took

, including Nigeria, 5 years to repatriate $ 505 million on U.S. 3 to 5 billion allocated to Sani Abacha (1993-1998) and his relatives in the West. The last complaint of the former Zaire was dismissed April 21 2009 by Swiss authorities for prescribing practice. Of the 20 to 40 billion dollars in aid annually diverted in recipient countries (Help) only 5 billion has been returned these past sixteen years. And about $ 150 billion still no return from Africa each year (UNCTAD). Yet Switzerland prides itself on being the only financial to have returned in fifteen years 1.3 billion euros to all victims.

Faced with reports of ever-increasing power in the international financial system still ethically dry, this restorative justice is not within the reach of the weakest. Beyond anything greater prevention, through a rigorous application of the various conventions on international bribery and money laundering, they will render a real service. The offshore and onshore financial centers should promote greater transparency and enforcement of laws against money-laundering. Host countries of origin as those of multinational firms should legislate on the right (of information) "citizens to know" about the terms of contracts with foreign governments and the need to publish what they pay them. In the wake of social transformation in African countries it is extremely urgent to generalize the practice of law on conflicts of interest, declaration of assets for certain political and economic figures before and after taking office.




Author: Noumbissi Tchamo

Noumbissi Tchamo, researcher in political and legal philosophy.

Published in collaboration with UnMondeLibre.org

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CHERCHELL

J. Glenat - 1926

Cherchell: Lol Phoenician colony, founded around the fourth century BC, was Cherchell especially the town of Juba II, Numidian prince educated in Rome, who renamed Caesare, made it the capital of Mauritania and built the main monuments there are a few remnants. Juba II gathered there still Greek sculpture which made him famous, including a famous statue of Apollo. Cherchell later became the provincial capital of the Roman Empire.

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Africa whets the appetites

02/03/2011 at 11: 54 By Michael Pauron
Nestle to invest $ 1 billion on the continent by 2013. Nestle to invest $ 1 billion on the continent by 2013. © Nestlé

Mergers and acquisitions, land purchases, joint ventures ... The continent attracts investors from all over the world assured of finding answers to global food needs that continue to increase. Overview of an attic in the making.

Sugar, oil, cocoa ... not a commodity produced on the continent immune to the appetites of global corporations. Mergers and acquisitions, land purchases, joint ventures ... The industry is changing. ADM, Nestle, Olam, Wilmar, Cargill, Bunge ... Americans, Europeans, Asians ... all are present and, for some, 2010 was the year of the conquest of Africa.

Among the latest transactions to date, the Leader of beer in Africa, French Castel, which bought January 3, 1945% stake in the agro-industrial group Somdiaa present in the sugar industry in the Congo - Brazzaville, Cameroon and Chad. Objective: To be a champion of agro-industry in the CEMAC (Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa).

In fact, sugar, driven by rising prices, the subject of a series of operations in recent months on the continent. The French Cristal Union has made its first investment in Africa Algeria, launching construction of a refinery near Algiers with his local counterpart La Belle. Faced with overproduction European invest outside the Old Continent including the French group can escape to virtual export ban imposed by Brussels.

Needs

The huge business opportunities are real and satisfy all the needs of local investment as a necessity to find new resources to meet growing global demand. According to estimates by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), nothing in the south of the Sahara, the total cumulative investment agriculture would amount to 940 billion dollars by 2050 (about 700 billion euros), 66% allocated to agro-industries: 207 billion for the first stage of processing, 159 billion for facilities Rural markets and large, 115 billion for energy sources and materials, 78 billion devices for cold chain and storage, and 59 billion for mechanization.

The needs are enormous. "The development of agro-industry in Africa will require a massive injection of investment in fixed capital and working capital," notes its Framework Programme Initiative for development of agribusiness and agro-industries in Africa (3ADI). In Focus: private investors.

The world's leading food Nestle noted. Not only the Swiss group (2.6 billion euros in sales in Africa) has secured its supplies to reduce and stabilize the prices of its raw materials, but he also wants to benefit from the rise of middle classes for its products.

Consequences: The group will invest $ 1 billion by 2013, both in plants (Ghana, Algeria, Nigeria, Congo, Angola, Mozambique ...) than in the production sectors ("Nescafé plan" and "plan cocoa). With the objective of retaining planters and buy them online (Cargill is now the main supplier), by 2015, nearly half of its supplies, is 23 000 t 50 000. His latest factory opening in February in Nigeria has required an investment of 94 million. And next, at the end of the month in the DR Congo, at a cost of $ 40 million.

Facing the Swiss group, the most impressive offensive is no doubt Asia. With eight operations in one year, Singapore's Olam already generates nearly $ 1 billion in sales on the continent.

In his wake, his compatriot Wilmar (nearly $ 30 billion market capitalization) is also trying to establish itself as a leading player in Africa. In December 2010, the group specializes in oil palm has announced the creation of two joint ventures in Nigeria with English PZ Cussons. A palm oil refinery and a distribution branch (including margarine) mobilize some $ 27.5 million and 27 million next Wilmar PZ Cussons side. In February, the multinational has also paid the Ghana Benso Oil Palm Plantation (58.45% owned by Unilever U.S.), for 14 million euros.

And it's not over. It is in neighboring Liberia that the Malaysian Sime Darby came to live - for the first time in Africa - to plant 10 000 hectares (over 220,000 ha concession for a period of sixty-three years) and invest more than 16 million.

A tank for China

The Chinese giant could not remain inactive. Olives Tunisian Ugandan coffee, peanut oil Senegalese, Ethiopian sesame seeds ... Beijing, the domestic demand for food keeps growing and production areas, to the benefit of scarce industrial areas, is initially a client become greedy. But the idea of the Middle Kingdom is now to take advantage of African needs in financing and technology to establish itself as a producer, and thus overcoming intermediates while increasing its supplies made in Africa.

Today, the primary resource - oil and mining - accounted for 90% of Chinese imports from the mainland, cons only 3% for agribusiness. "Africa can become a reservoir of food for the 1.3 billion Chinese," said Andrew Leung Kinpong, analyst at South China Morning Post (Hong Kong). In fact, the movement has already begun: the agri-food exports to South Africa (second African country after partner Beijing Angola) to China have more than doubled in 2010 compared to 2009, reaching over 65 million dollars. Europeans and Americans had better watch out.
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